Showing posts with label Psychosis. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Psychosis. Show all posts

Sunday, September 18, 2011

The Invention of MDMA or Ecstasy

MDMA has the full chemical name of '3,4 Methylene-dioxy-N-methylamphetamine' or 'Methylenedioxymethamphetamine'. The 3,4 indicates the way in which the components of the molecule are joined together, as it is possible to produce an isomer which has all the same components but is joined differently. Although it is derived from organic material, MDMA itself does not occur in nature, and must be created in a complex laboratory process. There are various popular street names for MDMA such as Ecstasy, E, Adam, X and Empathy.

It is a mood/mind altering drug and like Prozac works by effecting the chemical level of Serotonin in our brains, a 'neurotransmitter' naturally present in the brain which can alter our emotions. MDMA also adversely effects blood pressure and pulse rate. Chemically the drug is amphetamine like, but psychologically it's what's known as an empathogen-entactogen, empathogenic means the ability to communicate things to others or the ability to feel empathy towards others and entactogenic means feeling well or good with yourself and the world.



About.Com

Share/Bookmark

Ecstasy Effects

Users claim that MDMA produces intense feelings of pleasure, empathy, warmth and happiness. It also increases sensitivity to music, makes people more emotionally open, and has a stimulating, speedy physical effect.

When Ecstasy is swallowed, the full effect is usually felt within one hour. It starts with tingling and little rushes of exhilaration. Some people may experience nausea or dizziness while coming up but it quickly passes.

The effect builds quickly, coming on in waves within the first two hours, strengthening with each pass. A lightness of mood and relaxation gives way to waves of physical pleasure, euphoria, openness and empathy to others around you. The awareness of touch is strongly heightened. Sexual activity may be more satisfying.

The muscles relax. Perception of sound and colors may be more intense while under the influence of the Love Drug.

Along with feeling good, a person who takes E may find that communicating with others is much easier. They are more open and trusting of others than when not under the influence of the drug. Not only is it easier to talk to others after using X-TC, but the person is also more introspective while under its influence.

The peak arrives and then the effects last 4-6 hours, with a gradual tapering come-down in the last two. Not everyone who tries Ecstasy has a good experience. Some people who use it feel anxious, depressed or even paranoid after using the drug.
Other users report feeling nauseous and complain that their arms and legs feel stiff after ingesting the drug. Excessive thirst is another side effect of using X-TC. The user may not be able to sleep after taking a dose.

Jaw clenching and "clamping" is a common side-effect of Ecstasy and many people get relief by chewing on dummies or gum, smoking cigarettes or sucking on lollipops. Users may also experience muscle cramping. Vision can become blurry.

Coming Down From Ecstasy

On come-down, you may feel physically and emotionally drained. Without the artificial stimulation of E, the body and mind can suffer from exhaustion and anxiety.

It's very important to have somewhere warm and comfortable to go back to, preferably stocked with refreshments, and gentle 'chill' music. General health and regularity of use play a very large part in the harshness of the after-effects.

Ecstasy is rapidly broken down by the liver but about 60% enters the urine unchanged. The urine could be drunk to recycle it, in the same way that Siberian tribesmen drink each other's urine after eating magic mushrooms. This is known in most circles as 'desperate'.

Effect of X-TC on the Brain

E causes (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) and dopamine to flood the brain. Both are neurotransmitters which influence the flow of information throughout the brain. Changing the balance between the two changes your mood. Ecstasy gives you a glow of well-being, happiness, empathy, euphoria, increases your sensitivity to rhythmic music, and makes you want to dance.

The latest studies show that Ecstasy use can impair the serotonin system and memory performance. Research conducted on subjects who had used E on a couple of hundred occasions showed that people who use the drug had suffered brain damage. The level of brain damage users experience is directly proportional to the number of times the drug was used.

The brain damage found among X-TC users involved the cells responsible for releasing serotonin in the brain. An imaging technique known as Positron Emission Tomography (PET) was used to study the brains of a group of Ecstasy users. Researchers found that the number of healthy serotonin cells in the participants' brains was between 20-60 percent lower than normal. This type of change in the normal level of cells in the brain accounts for the memory loss that long-term users of E may experience.

Side Effects of Ecstasy Use

Here's one side effect when you use ecstasy: your heart will beat faster, you begin to sweat because your body temperature is rising. The other side effects are confusion, depression, insomia, amnesia, hallucinations, paranoia and panic attacks.

Long term side effects are the following: dehydration, hypertension, hyperthermia, heart failure and kidney failure. A small number of E users experience liver damage as a result of their drug use. The fact that Ecstasy increases body temperature may be the cause of this health issue.



The Good Drugs Guide

Share/Bookmark

The Invention of LSD

LSD was first synthesized on November 16, 1938 by Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann in Sandoz Laboratories in Basle, Switzerland. However, it was a few years before Albert Hofmann realized what he had invented. LSD known as LSD-25 or Lysergic Acid Diathylamide is a psychoactive hallucinogenic drug.

LSD-25

LSD-25 was the twenty-fifth compound developed during Albert Hofmann's study of amides of Lysergic acid, hence the name. LSD is considered a semi-synthetic chemical, the natural component of LSD-25 is lysergic acid, a type of ergot alkaloid that is naturally made by the ergot fungus, a synthesizing process is necessary to create the drug.

LSD was being developed by Sandoz Laboratories as a possible circulatory and respiratory stimulant. Other ergot alkaloids had been studied for medicinal purposes, for example, one ergot was used to induce childbirth.

LSD - Discovery as a Hallucinogen

It was not until 1943 that Albert Hofmann discovered the hallucinogenic properties of LSD. LSD has a chemical structure that is very similar to the neurotransmitter called serotonin. However, it is still not clear what produces all the effects of LSD.
According to a Road Junky writers, "Albert Hoffman deliberately dosed himself [after a milder accidental dose] with just 25 mg, an amount he didn't imagine would produce any effect. Hoffman got on his bicycle and rode home [from the Lab] and arrived in a state of panic. He felt he was losing his grip on sanity and could only think to ask for milk from the neighbors to counter the poisoning."

Albert Hoffman's Trip

Albert Hoffman wrote this about his LSD experience, "Everything in the room spun around, and the familiar objects and pieces of furniture assumed grotesque, threatening forms. The lady next door, whom I scarcely recognized, brought me milk… She was no longer Mrs. R., but rather a malevolent, insidious witch with a colored mask.”

Sandoz Laboratories, the only company to manufacture and sell LSD. first marketed the drug in 1947 under the trade name Delysid.

LSD - Legal Status

It is legal to buy Lysergic acid in the U.S. However, it is illegal to process Lysergic acid into lysergic acid diethylamide.



About.Com

Share/Bookmark

LSD

What is LSD?

LSD stands for: Dextro lysergic acid diethylamide tartarate-25. It is a man made drug. It was a little known curiosity up to a few years ago. Toda LSD is among the most potent -and most lethal- of the dangerous drugs. It is as Time magazine described it, "a brain eater"

It is non-addctive. But like opium and heroin, it is very hazardous, very dangerous. it is at the top of the psychedelic ladder.

LSD is so potent, laboratory test show, that a single ounce can gie 300,00 doses. It is 100 times more powerful than cocaine or peyote. A pin point of LSD is enough to blast a user's mind off to an uncertain journey.

It affects the central nervous system primaly. It works, therefore, in the brain. It creates, in its action, changes in the user's mood and behavior, perception and sensation.

LSD is aken orally. But it is also injected. Its effects last as long as 72 hours.

How Is LSD Taken?

LSD is usually taken orally. But it is also injected.

It is put in sugar cubes, candies, cookies, asperins, bufferins, colored tablets, liquor, bread and backs of postage stamps when taken orally.

It is not a quick-action drug, except when "mainline~' or injected into a vein and blood stream. When taken orally, it takes effect within 20 minutes to one hour; when injected, it activates in several minutes.

Its effects last as long as 72 hours.

Acidheads prefer to make their LSD trips out of doors (by the sea or a lake, in the mountains or woods). They also set up "sounds" (music, like Ravi Shankar's) and colors (strobe lights) when they take LSD. These make, they explain, for "good trips."

LSD, like any abuse drug's, depends upon the mood and makeup (emotional, intellectual, mental) of the abuser, the amount or dose of the drug, the atmosphere or setting in which the drug is taken. Secondly, LSD, more than any other drug, has a most unpredictable effect. Given these, it has been shown: the presence of a "sitter" or "guide" is no guarantee against trouble; "bad trips" are common in "acid" sessions where "sitters" are present.

It is a false reliance, therefore, to think that an LSD abuser, particularly the starter, is safe when he takes LSD under the guidance of a "travel guide." There, too, is the danger that the so called "guide" may not be that experienced and only worsen a "bad trip" by giving the "bad trip" victim all kinds of counteragents. What Are LSD's Common Dangers?

Hospitals have flashed "LSD dangers." These include:

Panic. An LSD user cannot stop the LSD action. He may fear he is losing his mind, especially if the LSD effect is a "bad trip." When this happens, he may panic, cause injury or death to himself.

Paranoia. The LSD user may feel someone wants to control his mind, harm or kill him. He becomes increasingly suspicious. He may hurt or kill the object of his LSD-made fear. This feeling lasts 72 hours after the LSD has worn off.
Mental Unbalance. As a result of panic and paranoia, the LSD user may get mentally unbalanced. This lasts weeks, months, even years. It requires psychiatric care to cure.
Flashback. When a flashback occurs, the LSD victim may become insane or driven to suicide. (See What Is a Flash- back? above).
Heart Failure. LSD has led to fatal convulsions. "His heart couldn't take it," as a doctor diagnosed an LSD death. It was: heart failure. Cause: LSD.

Accidental Death or Injury. When the LSD user is on a "trip," he may feel he can fly or float, leap out of a high window or tree, fall to his death. Or he may think lie is invincible, walk in front of a car and suffer injuries or even get killed.
Recently, in the U.S.: a young mother beheaded her baby. She was on a "bad trip." In another case, a young man in Brooklyn murdered his mother-jn4aw for no reason that was apparent to him after his LSD episode. In yet another case, an erstwhile "A" law student dug his eyeballs out of their sockets with his bare fingers; he was on LSD.

What Are LSD's Physical Effects?

An average LSD dose is a mere speck in size. But this small speck is powerful enough to keep the LSD user on a "trip" for 8 to 16 hours.

The physical effects are:

A speeding of heart and pulse beats.
A rise in blood pressure and body temperature.
Cold and sweaty palms; shaking of hands and feet.
A flushed face or paleness.
Widely dilated eye pupils.
Chills with goose pirnples.
Nausea, convulsions, vomiting.
Loss of appetite.
The effects disappear as the LSD action subsides.

What Are LSD's Mental Effects?

The psychological or mental effects of LSD may be divided into three groupings:

Changes in the Senses. The impact of LSD on the senses is striking: initially, the outlines of objects begin to waver and distort; in LSD's full effects, flat objects look luminous, colors appear to "run," a glow or halo may appear over another person's head. This phenomenon is a loosening of the normal boundaries of perception; the function of perceiving, organizing and interpreting sense impressions are severely affected by LSD as they reach the brain.

"Hallucinations," which LSD takers report, are among LSD's effects in this grouping. Sounds are "seen" or "felt," colors are "heard" or "tasted," objects "take life" and "pulsate," 3-D forms unfold in geometric or psychedelic patterns. It is, as Dr. Jerome Levine of the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health puts it, "a false sensory perception without a basis in external reality." In plain talk, what the LSD abuser sees, hears or feels "arises from within oneself," is not rooted in objective reality.

Changes in Emotions. Emotionally, the effect of LSD is to sharpen or exaggerate the ups and downs a person normally experiences. The usual balancing of emotions is diminished, if not totally shattered. He becomes less stable, if not completely mentally unstable. Thus, LSD abusers are given to rapid and sharp shifts of mood, like: breaking into uproarious laughter for no apparent reason, then suddenly becoming very sad and depressed over no cause.

Actually, it is all in his personality and mood. It is enhanced by the action of LSD. In the LSD state, he can be gripped by emotional chaos; he can be seized by overwhelming fright, break into irrational out bursts of temper. He has no control over his emotions; he s fueled and propelled by the "acid" in him. He can suffer, terefpre, a mental breakdown, which is common among LSD trippers.

Changes in Thinking. LSD's effects on the LSD abuser's thought processes are just as marked as on his percep- tions and emotions. His thinking is impaired, yielding: a false sense of time, disconcern about the future, altered mental images of himself and others, damaged capacity of mental recall and performance. Contrary to claims of the sc-called "priests" of LSD, LSD does not expand and, rather, restricts the range of the LSD abuser's consciousness. LSD abusers, for example, have been found to be unable to make simple arithmetical computations.

A mark of the LSD persons is: wistful thinking. They see

in their LSD experiences only what they wish to be true. This truth, their LSD truth, they hold, is the truth above all truths. It does not square off, of course, with reality; but that's how the LSD abuser, or acidhead, sees it.

How to Spot an LSD User?

An LSD user can be spotted by an alert person. Telltale signs of an LSD user are his strange behavior patterns:

Abrupt changes in personality.
Hallucinations.
Unusually profound statements involving self-awarness, God, the universe.
A sudden comprehension of life.
His physical surroundings become very important.
A widely varying mood. He may sit quietly. Or he may be seized by fear and tremor fits.
Signs are found, as well, in the LSD user's physical condition. He shows:

Widely dilated pupils.
Extreme sensitivity to light. (Thus, LSD users wear dark glasses even at night; they protect their eyes agalnst lights).
Sharp reflexes.
A marked sensitivity to colors.
A high body temperature. He gets sweaty.
Galloping hearbeat, irregular breathing.
Chills, fits, tremors.
Nausea, vomiting.
There, too, is: he looks drunk, but there is no smell of alcohol in hts breath.



http://library.thinkquest.org/C005038/lsd.htm"/>Library.Thinkquest

Share/Bookmark
Related Posts Plugin for WordPress, Blogger...

Videos Gallery


Get a playlist! Standalone player Get Ringtones